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Chart Excel.Chart.80*Microsoft Excel Chart0( Chart Excel.Chart.80*Microsoft Excel Chart/ 00DTimes New Romanv 0( 0tDWingdingsRomanv 0( 0t DTahomagsRomanv 0( 0t"0DSymbolgsRomanv 0( 0t ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` !   '  ~   `r$fL4³@1ir$ 1=<*I؜Uiir$M-*chHHi"$pYyI0h;;$r$yuIӘqivR$Hξ^(Y٘׭""$F?C <6 00 f@f8  uʚ;2Nʚ;g4@d@dv 0ppp@ <4!d!d` 0L<4dddd` 0L <4BdBd 0LWO___PPT91n 8X(4u`ePNG  IHDRF} PLTEfffff3GtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om&IDATc`  @gNS( IENDB`zV >? %h!2Brocade: Landmark Routing on Peer to Peer NetworksWBen Y. Zhao Yitao Duan, Ling Huang, Anthony Joseph, John Kubiatowicz IPTPS, March 20022XE   B State of the Art RoutingHigh dimensionality and coordinate-based P2P routing Tapestry, Pastry, Chord, CAN, etc& Sub-linear storage and # of overlay hops per route Properties dependent on random name distribution Optimized for uniform mesh style networks&55 RealitykTransit-stub topology, disparate resources per node Result: Inefficient inter-domain routing (b/w, latency)ll  Talk Outline SMotivation Brocade Architecture Brocade Routing Evaluation Summary / Open QuestionsT IBrocade: Landmark RoutingGoals Eliminate unnecessary wide-area hops for inter-domain messages Eliminate traffic going through high latency, congested stub links Reduce wide-area bandwidth utilization Maintain interface: RouteToID (globally unique ID) b?j4?j Brocade Architecture  Mechanisms (Intuition: route quickly to destination domain Organize group of supernodes into secondary overlay Sender (S) sends message to local supernode SN1 SN1 finds and routes message to supernode SN2 near receiver R SN1 uses Tapestry object location to find SN2 SN2 sends message to R via normal routingn/.*/3n.)(Classifying TrafficBrocade not useful for intra-domain messages P2P layer should exploit some locality (Tapestry) Undesirable processing overhead Classifying traffic by destination Proximity caches: Every node keeps list of nodes it knows to be local Need not be optimal, worst case: 1 relay through SN Cover set: Supernode keeps list of all nodes in its domain. Acts as authority on local vs. distant traffic~-ZRZ$ZZ-R$  k     a  Entering the BrocadeRoute: Sender Supernode (Sender)? IP Snooping brocade Supernode listens on P2P headers and redirects Use machines close to border gateways +: Transparent to sender  : may touch local nodes Directed brocade Sender sends message directly to supernode Sender locates supernode via DNS resolution: nslookup supernode.cs.berkeley.edu +: maximum performance  : state maintenance8ZUZ7ZZXZSZ)U7 Z/P.  .Inter-supernode RoutingRoute: Supernode (sender) Supernode (receiver) Locate receiver s supernode given destination nodeID Use Tapestry object location Tapestry Routing mesh w/ built in proximity metrics Location exploits locality (finds closer objects faster) Finding supernodes Supernode  publishes cover set on brocade layer as locally stored objects To route to node N, locate server on brocade storing N1ZRZ ZdZZZR d \#_Feasibility AnalysisSome numbers Internet: ~ 220M hosts, 20K AS s, ~10K nodes/AS Java implementation of Tapestry on PIII 800: ~1000 msgs/second State maintenance AS of 10K nodes, assume 10% enter/leave every minute Only ~1.7*5 9% of CPU spent processing publish on Brocade If inter-supernode traffic takes X ms, Publishing takes 5 X Bandwidth: 1K/msg * 1K msg/min = 1MB/min = 160kb/s Storage requirement of Tapestry 20K AS s, Octal Tapestry, Log8(20K2) = 10 digits 10K objects (Tapestry GUIDs) published per supernode Tapestry GUID = 160 bits = 20B Expected storage per SN: 10 * 10K * 20B = 2MB ZoZZZ ZZ oA        Ppg Evaluation: Routing RDP  Evaluation: Bandwidth Usage  Brocade Summary9P2P systems assume uniformity Extraneous hops through backbone to domains Routing across congested stubs links Constrain inter-domain routing Remove unnecessary routing through stubs Reduce expected inter-domain hops Limit misdirection in less congested backbone Result: lower latency, less bandwidth utilizationhQ y2Q y 2Ongoing QuestionsPerformance at what cost? 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