GRAPHY 3B FALL QUARTER 2009 MIDTERM EXAMINATION NAME: _______________________________________ Instructions: Use only a large, pink PAR-Score answer sheet to fill in your answers for the following 50 multiple-choice questions. GEOLOGY AND LANDFORMS 1. What are the three main classes of rocks? a. Intrusive, extrusive, and metamorphic b. Mafic, felsic, basic c. Clastic, chemical, and organic d. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary 2. Which of the following rocks cools quickly, is glass-like, and has almost no crystal structure? a. Limestone b. Granite c. Marble d. Obsidian 3. What percentage of the Earth's Crust is made of iron? a. 1% b. 5% c. 10% d. 15% 4. Which is a correct sequence of metamorphic rocks a. Limestone to Marble to Slate b. Mudstone to Slate to Schist to Gneiss c. Quartzite to Sandstone to Quartzite to Marble d. Granite to Gneiss to Granite to Gneiss 5. Which is answer is in the correct outer-to-inner order for the Earth's vertical structure? a. Crust, mantle, core b. Lithosphere, inner-core, outer-core c. Crust, mantle, moho-discontinuity d. Lower mantle, aesthenosphere, outercore 6. Which is the correct sequence of minerals in the Bowen reaction series? a. Quartz, Olivine, Pyroxene b. Plagioclase Feldspar, Olivine, Spinel c. Pyroxene, Amphibolite, Muscovite d. Quartz, Feldspars, Mica 7. If the time between a P-wave and an S-wave is 1 second, how far away is the earthquake? a. 8km b. 4km c. 16 km d. Not enough information to tell. 8. What are the main classes of faults? a. Syncline, anticline, and overthrust b. Fold and thrust belt, fault-block mountain, plateaus, and sea-floor trench c. Good ones, bad ones, and neutral ones. d. Normal, strike-slip, and reverse. 9. What evidence can be used to determine the movement over time of Lithospheric Plates? a) Matching fossils, Paleomagnetism b) Continental Areas, Plant Diffusion c) Sea-floor spread, Abyssal Plain Exchange d) Matching of Continental shapes, Rock Cycle Sequence 10. Which concepts would be best in explaining to a friend the tectonic history of the Santa Barbara area? a) Plate Divergence and Upwelling b) Transform Fault and North American Plate c) Plate Convergence and Earthquakes d) Pacific Plate, Nazca Plate, and divergent boundary 11. What are the three forms of tectonic plate movement? a) Up, down, and across. b) Horizontal, vertical, and diagonal. c) Divergent, convergent, and lateral. d) Parallel, contrary, and subducting. 12. What is a seamount chain and a good example? a) A set of volcanoes at a plate divergence like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge b) A place on the crust where a lithospheric plate has moved over a hotspot, like Hawaii c) A place where lateral plate movement has occurred like the Nacza Plate d) A line of volcanoes near a coast that is over a subducting plate likeVolcanoes in Washington State. 13. Which of the following types of Rock is most likely to have large Mineral Crystals that are visible to the naked eye? a) Mudstone, a Sedimentary Rock made from Clay Particles b) Obsidian, an Extrusive Igneous Rock c) Diorite, an Intrusive Igneous Rock d) Bituminous Coal, an Organic Sedimentary Rock 14. What is the correct formula for the mineral Calcite? a) CaCO3 b) NaCl c) CaHO3 d) NaCl3 15. Pick the response that would make a true statement: Relative to other minerals, Quartz _________. a) Crystallizes slowly and Weathers quickly b) Crystallizes quickly and Weathers quickly c) Crystallizes slowly and Weathers slowly d) Crystallizes quickly and Weathers slowly 16. Which of the following concepts characterize Plate Tectonic Landforms? a) Crust, Core, Mantle b) Plain, River, Ridge c) Fault-Block Mountain, Mid-Ocean Ridge, Volcanic Arc d) Fold, Fault 17. At what average speed does Continental Drift occur? a) 15cm/year b) 15in/year c) The rate of growth of finger nails. d) 15mm/year 18. Which of the following statements are true? a) S-Waves involve a compressional motion and P-waves an up/down shearing motion b) P-waves travel at about 4km/sec; S-waves travel at about 8km/sec c) We can determine the location of the epicenter of an Earthquake by observing the arrival of P-waves and S-waves from 3 different recording stations d) P-waves and S-waves travel at the same speed, but P-waves arrive at a location before the S-waves 19. The number of major Lithospheric Plates is a) 4-5 b) 6-7 c) 8-9 d) None of the above 20. What is an example of an INDEX minteral for metamorphic rocks a) Stuarolite b) Spinel c) Quartz d) Orthoclase Feldspar 21. How many magnetic reversals have there been in the last 4 million years? a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9 WEATHERING PROCESSES AND SOILS 22. Which of the following characterizes a hydrolysis weathering process a. Oxidation of pyrite b. Addition of carbon monoxide to water c. CaCO3 + HOH -> H CO3 +Ca +OH d. Formation of kaolinite. 23. Which of the following are forms of chemical weathering: a) Solution, oxidization, and acid-base reactions b) Hydrolysis, carbonation, and acid-base reactions c) Hydrolysis, hydration, and solution d) Oxidization, dissolution, and chelation 24. Which concepts are most useful in describing the origin of Karst Landscapes? a) Limestone, Carbonation b) Solution, Silicates c) Sinkholes, Stalactites d) The Karst area of Yugoslavia 25. Which is the most appropriate sequence of Soil Horizons? a) A B C E O b) O A B E C c) O E C B A d) O A E B C 26. Which Soil Horizon is most affected by Illuviation? a) A b) B c) O d) I 27. What is the size range of sand? a) Less than 0.002 mm b) 0.05-1.0mm c) 0.05 - 2 mm d) 0.002-0.05mm 28. If soil is 45% sand, 22% clay, and 33% silt, what kind of soil is it? a. Silty loam b. Loamy silt c. Clay loam d. Loam 29. Which of the following is a critical component of the O horizon of a soil? a) Humus and vegetative material b) Carbonic acid c) Quartz d) Clay minerals 30. What factors are most important in determining the rate of Chemical Weathering in some area? a) Soil pH b) Precipitation and Temperature c) Mineral Stability d) The Depth of the Soil 31. Which of the following Processes of Chemical Weathering is most closely related to organic lifeforms? a) Carbonation b) Oxidation c) Hydrolysis d) Chelation 32. Which of the following are two of the 12(11) soil orders? a) Spoilosol, Oxisol, Mellisol b) Ariditysol, Ultimatesol, Oxosol c) Oxisol, Vertisol, Mollisol d) Historisol, Gelatosol, Spoilosol 33. Which set of processes are all physical weathering processes a) crystal growth, root wedging, expansion/contraction b) freeze/thaw, extrusion c) thermal expansion, chelation, exfoliation d) reduction, granulation, rootwedging 34. Which of the following are major pedogenic (soil-forming) regimes? a) Calcitization and Podification b) Eluviation, Illuviation, and Leaching c) Salinization and Laterization d) Dehydration and Leaching GRAVITATIONAL PROCESSES AND MASS MOVEMENT 35. What are the most important forces in understanding mass movement: a) Gravity, Friction, Cohesive forces b) Gravity, Inertial, and Coriolis c) Normal force, Shearing force, and Compressing force d) Pressure, Stress, and Strain 36. A large amount of water in a soil or weathered mass of rock will generally a) Increase both the pore water pressure and cohesive forces b) Decrease the normal component of gravitational force c) Increase the weight of the soil d) Decrease both the pore water pressure and cohesive forces 37. What are the two components of the Gravitational Force that act on a block of material on a slope? a) Normal and Cohesional b) Parallel and Normal c) Normal and Downslope d) Shear and Tractive 38. The angle of Repose of Sand is: a) Determined in part by Frictional Forces b) 33 degrees when wet c) 44 degrees in most conditions d) Steeper than the Angle of Repose of coarse sediments 39. Which form of Mass Movement is most likely to make telephone poles point downslope and cause Rock Strata near the surface to fold over downslope? a) Soil Creep b) Rotational Slides c) Rock Topples d) Solifluction 40. Which of the following is not a generally accepted member of the classes of Mass Movement motions? a) Heave b) Subsidence c) Flow d) Advection 41. Mass Movements of Earth Surface Materials occur primarily because of: a) The granular nature of Weathered Material b) Soil Moisture increases c) Normal Stress d) Landsurface Slope 42. Under what conditions is a slope considered stable with respect to mass wasting? a) When the stress strain ratio is greater than 1.3 b) when the stress strain ratio is less than 0.7 c) When the ratio of shear strength to shear stress is greater than 1.3 d) When the ratio of shear strength to shear stress is less than 0.7 43. In early Spring 1995, there was slide on the sand-dunes on the shore of of Lake Michigan. Which force was critical in causing the motion? a) Gravity b) Cohesion c) Friction d) Pore-water Pressure 44. A Rotational Landslide involves a) movement of surface material about some axis b) movement of surface material in a straight line c) unconsolidated flow of material d) bedrock deformation HYDROLOGY 45. Which of the following is true? a) Evaporation at some locations is greater than Evapotranspiration b) Potential Evapo-transpiration is less than Evapotranspiration c) Infiltration Capacity is less than Field Capacity d) Infiltration is less than or equal to precipitation 46. Which equation best describes the conservation of mass in the hydrologic cycle? a) F=MA b) P = E + G + R c) I - O = Delta S d) E=MC**2 47. Which of the following concepts is best suited to understanding why Peak Hydrograph Flows are greater in urban areas than rural areas? a) Lower Vegetation Density in Urban areas b) Lower infiltration Rates of Urban Surface Materials c) Higher Evaporation Rates from Urban Surface Materials d) Higher Rainfall Rates over Urban areas 48. Which concepts characterize the components of the Hydrologic Cycle? a) All of the below b) Reservoirs and Flows c) Changes in Storage d) Mass Balance Conditions 49. How would you measure Evapotranspiration? a) With a hygrometer b) By determining the residual from a Soil Water Balance Equation after measuring Precipitation, Surface Runoff, Outflow from Soil, and change in Soil Water Storage c) Rain Gauge and Barometer d) Using a set of Nomograms prepared by the Department of Agriculture 50. What is the best description of the 3 forms in which water is held in soil? a) I - O = Delta S b) Liquid Water, Water Vapor, and Ice c) Liquid, Gas, Solid d) Molecular, Capillary, Gravity